History of the Apollo 1 Tragedy

On   January 27, 1967, three men lost their lives in NASAs first disaster. It occurred on the ground as Virgil I. Gus Grissom  (the second American astronaut to fly into space),  Edward H. White II, (the first American astronaut to walk in space) and Roger B. Chaffee, (a rookie astronaut on his first space mission), were practicing for the first Apollo mission. At the time, since it was a ground test, the mission was called Apollo/Saturn 204. Ultimately, it would be called Apollo 1 and it was going to be an Earth-orbiting trip. Lift-off was scheduled for February 21, 1967, and would be the first of a series of trips to train astronauts for the moon landing slated for the late 1960s.   Mission Practice Day On January 27th, the astronauts were going through a procedure called a plugs-out test. Their Command Module was mounted on the Saturn 1B rocket on the launch pad just as it would have been during the actual launch. The rocket was unfueled but everything else was as close to reality as the team could make it. That days work was to be an entire countdown sequence from the moment the astronauts entered the capsule until the time that launch would have occurred. It seemed very straightforward, no risk to the astronauts, who were suited up and ready to go.   A Few Seconds of Tragedy Right after lunch, the crew entered the capsule to start the test. There were small problems from the beginning and finally, a communications failure caused a hold to be placed on the count at 5:40 p.m. At 6:31 p.m.  a voice (possibly Roger Chaffees) exclaimed, Fire, I smell fire! Two seconds later, Ed Whites voice came over the circuit, Fire in the cockpit. The final voice transmission was very garbled. They’re fighting a bad fire—let’s get out. Open ‘er up or, We’ve got a bad fire—let’s get out. We’re burning up or, I’m reporting a bad fire. I’m getting out.The transmission ended with a cry of pain.   The flames  spread quickly through the cabin. The last transmission ended 17 seconds after the start of the fire. All telemetry information was lost shortly after that. Emergency responders were dispatched quickly to help. The crew most likely perished within the first 30 seconds of smoke inhalation or burns. Resuscitation efforts were futile. A Cascade of Problems Attempts to get at the astronauts were stymied by a host of problems. First,  the capsule hatch was closed with clamps that required extensive ratcheting to release. Under the best of circumstances, it could take at least 90 seconds to open them. Since the hatch opened inward, pressure had to be vented before it could be opened. It was nearly five minutes after the start of the fire before rescuers could get into the cabin. By this time, the oxygen-rich atmosphere, which had seeped into the materials of the cabin, had ignited and spread flames throughout the capsule.   Apollo 1 Aftermath The disaster put a hold on the entire Apollo program. Investigators needed to probe the wreckage and figure out the causes of the fire. Although a specific point of ignition for the fire could not be determined, the investigation boards final report blamed the fire on electrical arcing among the wires hanging open in the cabin, which was filled with materials that burned easily. In the oxygen-enriched atmosphere, all it took was one spark to set off a fire. The astronauts couldnt escape through the locked hatches in time.   The lessons of the Apollo 1 fire were tough ones. NASA replaced cabin components with self-extinguishing materials. Pure oxygen (which is always a danger) was replaced by a nitrogen-oxygen mixture at launch. Finally, engineers re-designed the hatch to open outward and made it so that it could be removed quickly in the event of a problem. Honoring those Who Lost their Lives The mission was officially assigned the name Apollo 1 in honor of Grissom, White, and Chaffee. The first Saturn V launch (uncrewed) in November 1967 was designated Apollo 4 (no missions were ever designated Apollo 2 or 3).  Ã‚   Grissom and Chaffee were laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, and Ed White is buried at West Point at the US Military Academy where he studied. All three men are honored throughout the country, with their names on schools, military, and civilian museums and other structures.   Reminders of Danger The Apollo 1 fire was a stark reminder that space exploration is not an easy thing to do. Grissom himself once said that exploration was a risky business. If we die, we want people to accept it. We are in a risky business, and we hope that if anything happens to us, it will not delay the program. The conquest of space is worth the risk of life.   To minimize risks, astronauts and ground crews practice relentlessly, planning for almost any eventuality. as flight crews have done for decades. Apollo 1 wasnt the first time NASA had lost astronauts. In 1966, astronauts Elliott See and Charles Bassett were killed in a crash of their NASA jet crashed on a routine flight to St. Louis. In addition, the Soviet Union had lost cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov at the end of a mission earlier in 1967. But, the Apollo 1 catastrophe reminded everyone  again of the risks of flight.   Edited and updated by  Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Macbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay - 1348 Words

Throughout the play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, there is a constant theme of questioning what quantifies a good leader and what qualifies someone to lead. These questions, however, are more easily posed than answered because they change immensely depending upon the individual responding. Some follow the school of thought that a king should be selected based on divine inheritance while others focus more holistically on a king who possesses good qualities that would make them a worthy ruler. In Macbeth there are not many examples of decent leadership that the reader can clearly grasp due to the political instability of the setting of the play: Scotland. King Duncan, while presented in a more favorable light than Macbeth, was no angelic being or exemplary ruler. On the other side of the sword, however, King Macbeth was presented as a bloody tyrant hell-bent on putting his wishes above the desires and needs of the people of Scotland. When presented with the few rulers that a re shown throughout the play, King Duncan was a better ruler with his mild temperament and placement of his country above self. While choosing what quantifies a respectable king is arduous, it is simple to see that Macbeth was not a good ruler. In fact, he was quite the opposite. Thus, based on contradicting Macbeth’s faults, a good ruler is the physical embodiment of God, maintains command over the nobles, and favors the interest of the country over their own. The notion of leaders ofShow MoreRelatedMacbeth by William Shakespeare770 Words   |  3 PagesThe play Macbeth is written by William Shakespeare. It is believed to be written between 1603 and 1607 and set in eleventh century Scotland. It is also believed to be first performed in 1606. It is considered to be one of the darkest and most powerful tragedies. 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Macbeth’s moral compass is not resilient enough to withstand his wife’s manipulations and he is provoked to act on his malicious thoughts of murder. The author explores the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can haveRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesreaction†. Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a tale which illuminates the consequences of violating the â€Å"Natural order†, the hierarchy of beings in the universe. When Macbeth, a warrior wel l-known for his courage and bravery, murders King Duncan acting on his unchecked ambition to claim the throne, the order was disrupted, the result†¦chaos. Shakespeare uses symbolism to illustrate the atmosphere of the play as the natural order is flung into a state of turmoil. These techniques used by Shakespeare is usedRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1483 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent references in the play of how a king deals with power and if they use it for better or for their own personal gain. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s obsession with his journey to power leads to his failure. This obsession is demonstrated through the prophecies, the murder of his best friend Banquo, and his own demise. Macbeth demonstrates that he is incapable of mastering the power and responsibilities of being a king. This is indicated throughout the play with theRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1045 Words   |  5 PagesBlood appears in only two forms, but many times in Macbeth by William Shakespeare; between the war scene at the beginning of the play and the lifting of Macbeth’s severed being lifted by Macduff at the end. It can be said that Macbeth could have been written in blood that there is such a large amount. 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Life s but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more: it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. Macbeth Quote (Act V, Scene V). These quotes have been taken from play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare. Like these quotes there are hundreds and thousands of such heart touching quotes written by Shakespeare in his many different

Gender Stereotyping Standards For Men And Women Across...

Gender stereotyping sets standards for men and women across America, this being true for the past few hundred years. It is not secret that women are said to be most useful in the kitchen, and that men are to be found somewhere doing hard work, being the bread winner. Also, in the way we allow our young children to be identified; blue means it’s a boy, pink means it’s a girl. As times change, so does society and its mentality as a whole. Some stereotypes have been more difficult to break than others, those stereotypes are still present today. It is not fair that women are found limited in the work place and men are becoming so protective of their masculinity. Gender stereotyping is a problem in America today because it creates gender-bias boundaries and early gender schema development, but these relevant struggles have led to recent accomplishments, especially in the media, through highlighting genders as equally capable of any job. In today s society, we find most of the gender stereotypes through media. Whether it is music, movies or televisions shows, children and young people are constantly being introduced to a lifestyle that has been statistically decreasing for decades. Written in the fall of 2015, three authors write, â€Å"Gender role stereotyping is prominent in media and advertisements wherein companies rely on socially prescribed expectations to sell their products (Infanger, Bosak, Sczesny, 2011).† In the article, â€Å"It’s Just a Joke: Reactions and Justifications ForShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Ellen Ullman s A Strong Passionate Woman 1165 Words   |  5 Pagesthe stars. Defying the social standard, she immerses herself into the male-dominated career of computer programming where she immediately runs straight into a barrier separating her from the path to contentment and success in the workplace. 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Business Ethics Satisfaction Employees Recognition

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics of Satisfaction Employees Recognition. Answer: 1. Framing changes our choice of action. As opined by Jepma and Lpez-Sol 2014, if we make choices examining the value based questions it will help us in ensuring a long-term success in our work life. People, who take decision guided by the profit making agenda, will obtain money. But the people who frame their decision on the ethical structure, obtain a better result as it include a broad range of profit variables like the value base of the work, the faith and satisfaction of the employees, recognition of the clients etc. Thus, the right framing can help us in our work life to achieve slow but sure success. 2. Once in my childhood, I faced such a situation. Once before my exam I was ill. I was hospitalised for a few days. It hampered my study and preparation for the exams. The night before my exams, I was terrified with the idea of failing in exam. Suddenly, I took the decision of cheating in exam. The following day I did the same. It occurred in my mind, that I was doing wrong, but I framed my decision in the different way. I thought, as I was ill I did not get the equal opportunity of preparation like others, and kept on cheating. Now, I know, that I should think about it in a different way. If I followed, my moral values I would not made this decision. In that situation, I should consider myself as someone who is obtaining an undue advantage over others by cheating. If I considered that situation in this Perspective, my decision would be something else. 3. As discussed by Rose 2013, framing is a popular instrument of the politicians and the advertisers. As mentioned in the attached video, the marketers try to hide the weaknesses of their product through framing. Modern advertisements the marketers often highlights the natural features of a product as its advantage and claims that their product is thus superior that others. On the other hand, the politicians often manipulate the numerical data to present a better of picture of their reign. These are not the wrong data but presented in a different manner for the profit of that political parties. 4. Adverse framing lead us towards a wrong choice. If I fail to look into the situation with its broader perspective and have lured by the short-term profits it will adversely affect my professional goals. The adverse framing can distort my foresight and restrict me to identify the future problems. In any profession, making ethically correct decision is a prerequisite for future advancements. Therefore, the adverse framing may damage the ethical base of our decision and thus restrict our potential of future growth. 5. To avoid ignoring of the ethical concerns, we must measure our decision on the benchmark of our inner values. As discussed by Saxena and Srinivasan 2013, if the values support the decision, then one can follow it. Narrow and short-term profit making ideas can manipulate our decision making process. Therefore, it is important for us to set a prior value base for our life. It will shape up our decision of career and life with a strong ethical base. Fundamental Attributions Error 1. As discussed by Paley 2015, most of the White-collar criminals are the people who are confident and well educated. I think he will be someone who does not consider himself as a criminal. Rather he will love to call himself a victim of the situation. 2. As opined by Berry and Frederickson 2015, it is most unlikely that a white-collar criminal possess a hard family life. They do not have any criminal attributes within themselves. They are the criminals who just have utilised the faults in our financial system. Their neighbours recognise them as well-educated gentle men, because that is their reality. Deep down their nature resides a criminal mentality. 3. I also possess the experience of being the victim of the situation. Within that circumstance, I was compelled to behave unethically. Previously, I was working in an organization in a decision making position. That time that organization was suffering with low revenue. In that situation, we got a clientele of a company, which was able to provide a substantial support. The managerial personnel were trying hard to get the contract. One day, that client reported that one of our employees has behaved badly with their manager. That employee was a woman. She reported me that the manager of our client company behaved with her indecently and she protested. Now our client wanted the resignation of that employee. In that circumstance, I made that employee lose her job to retain the job security of other employees, as this client was important for the survival of our company. I feel embarrassed of my behaviour until now. However, I was left with no choice then. 4. It is important for us not to jump on any decision. As discussed by Walker et al. 2015, while judging someone, it is needed to take due time to know about the situation and circumstances as well as the history of socialization of that person. Only then, an unbiased judgment can be procured. Fundamental Moral Unit: The philosophical and ethical theories intended to guide our decision-making process hold a collection of approaches (Sakwa 2013). Now, if we consider a single problem to solve with the different kind of approaches we may eventually obtain the same result. For example if we consider the issue of ever-growing population in the world, especially in the Asian and African countries, a number of approaches can be followed. Now, if the governments pass a regulation on the right of production of the people as the Chinese authority did earlier, it would hurt the philosophy of the individualism and the freedom of cultural identity of the people. On the other hand, the ignorance of the scenario will lead to the disrupt the philosophy of co-existence, as this global problem of increasing population is disturbing the natural resources and thus snatching the right of others to live a happy life. Nevertheless, if the question can be asked in a different approach, it can be noticed that all the philosophies lead to the same destination of individual as well as the community happiness (Sakwa 2013). Guided by the idea of co-existence and community happiness, if the government imposes a policy of wilful regulation on the production right of the people, the natural resources will be less hurt and the people can live a better life. On the other hand, if we consider the question success of the communist economic policy in the Soviet Union, we can be led to a different result by following the different ethical philosophies. As opined by Sakwa 2013, the fall of the communism in The Soviet Union cannot be discussed in a single tone. However, if we consider the philosophy of individualism we can find that it is the right of a person to be happy and accumulate the resources for his happiness. However, the idea of community happiness and co-existence explains that the accumulation of resources is harmful for the society as it creates discrimination and inequality among the people. Therefore, the communist economy suggests the equal allocation of the resources. In this regard, the individualistic approach argues that, as the individual faculty of people are not the same, it is wrong to allocate the resources equally among the population (Sakwa 2013). However, the philosophies advocating the community happiness, talks t hat everyone is same within the scale of the nature and hence possess the same right to obtain the equal portion of the minimal opportunities of life (Teulon, F., 2014). Thus, these different policies and approaches can lead people to the same or different decisions in a rage of situations. Incentive Gaming 1. Organizations and institutions use the incentive tool in order to motivate the employee and increase their productivity (Obloj and Zemsky 2015). No one likes giving extra effort in workplace that is why organization employs supervisors in order to monitor employees. According Soukup et al., 2015, based on the performance organization gives incentives or accolades to those whose work has impressed the authorities of an organization. I work under an organization and I receive payment based on the amount of work I do. Incentive planning is available in my organization and the people who achieve more than the target only they get incentives or bonus. Last month I was able to work more that my assigned target and that is why I got incentive. It was the first time when I was getting incentive; I was elated at my achievement and it really influenced me to work hard for my organization. Now I really want to work hard and perform better so that I can achieve accolades for my skills. 2. Grading system is the ethical part of education system. Students are bestowed with grades according to their performance level. Teacher asses the quality of the work of the student and grades them so that the student can understand his or her capability. Grade symbolizes the academic measurement through which a student is assessed. In order to get good grades student work hard for their assignments. However, sometimes students in greed of getting good grades diversify their route and undertake substandard paths so that they can fulfill their wish. A student cheats in his or her examination which effects badly and ruins the virtuous intension behind grading. Cheating is not the proper way to gain incentives or gain good grades. However, students are blinded by their aspiration of getting good marks and opt for easier way to achieve the goal. 3. Gaming is not ethical. In order to gain incentive one should work hard. Researchers have scrutinized this condition of human behavior and deduced that human nature feels compulsion to attain unethical ways in order to get incentives. Human nature works in curious ways and drives them to acquire unethical ways to succeed in their goal of achieving incentives. Human being inherits unethical ways in order to gain incentive but it is not the right way to respond to the system. Incentive is a tool that the company uses to provide accolades to the person who really deserves it (Ederer, Holden and Meyer 2013). The person who designs the incentive structure should stop the person who is exploiting the system. The person who designs the incentive scheme has the authority to stop all the unethical practice that corrupts an ethical system like incentive (Meyer, Ederer and Holden 2013). Behavioral ethics is the field of psychology that helps to understand the ways why people act in certain manners. Instrumentalism 1. Dan Ariel is a famous psychologist who scrutinizes human behavior. His research about human behavioral ethics involves the discrepancies that a human nature possesses. Dishonesty is a nuance that affects the psychology of a person and compels him to consider unethical paths in order to achieve the unachievable objectives (Minarcik and Bridges 2015). The psychologists say that dishonesty is a negative attribute in a person and abolishing that attribute at right is important. I completely agree with psychologist because dishonesty needs prevention. Termination of subordinate demeanor is needful, as it will assist a person to develop his personality and revitalize his character. 2. When I was in college, I once cheated in my exam in order to achieve the grade I desire. It was my sociology exam and I was not good in that subject. My sociology professor told me that he would cancel my name from the college band if I do not get A grade in the subject. I cheated and got the grade and got accolades for my good result. The professor was so happy with my outcome that he allotted my name in sociology essay contest that was taking place in the college campus. He said that he has full faith in me and knows that I will succeed. In this case, I was a victim of slippery slope phenomenon. 3. My friend started stealing money from his father. His greed increased day by day and soon he started stealing amount that was much more than the amount he stole at the first place. He realized that he was not doing the right thing but his greed overpowered his sense of conscientiousness. One day his father caught him red handed and thus he landed himself in a big trouble from where he could not return. His father lost his trust on him and he could not regain his position that he once had. 4. Cynthia Cooper has rightly commented that people do not become criminal in one day. I think she is right because it is a systematic process where a person slowly entangles himself into criminal offences. An individual starts with a crime and then slowly goes on repeating himself as he loses control on himself. Crime is a punishable offence that leads an individual towards the path of darkness (Volokh 2013). It is like a slippery slope where one wrong footing leads the person into a circular process where the individual cannot control himself but keeps on taking the same wrong step that he took earlier (Alves and Meadowcrof 2014). I completely agree with the statement of Cynthia Cooper and think that she has commendably assessed the situation of slippery slope phenomenon. 5. Firstly, a person should not precipitate in taking any decision. People should not target unachievable objectives. Unachievable objectives may drive a person to take unethical routes to reach their targets. Slippery slope is a procedure that deliberately drives a person to take road that is not desirable (Dowling, Knechel and Moroney 2015). There is a thin line between gaming and cheating which is not to be neglected. Gaming is acceptable but cheating is not as it lower the quotient of ethics in profession. References: Alves, A.A. and Meadowcroft, J., 2014. Hayek's slippery slope, the stability of the mixed economy and the dynamics of rent seeking.Political Studies,62(4), pp.843-861. Berry, Z. and Frederickson, J., 2015. Explanations and implications of the fundamental attribution error: A review and proposal.Journal of Integrated Social Sciences,5(1), pp.44-57. Dowling, C., Knechel, W.R. and Moroney, R., 2015. Public Oversight of Audit Firms: The Slippery-Slope of Enforcing Regulation.Available at SSRN 2678828. Ederer, F., Holden, R. and Meyer, M.A., 2013. DP9319 Gaming and Strategic Ambiguity in Incentive Provision. Jepma, M. and Lpez-Sol, M., 2014. Anxiety and framing effects on decision making: insights from neuroimaging.The Journal of Neuroscience,34(10), pp.3455-3456. Meyer, M., Ederer, F. and Holden, R., 2013.Gaming and Strategic Ambiguity in Incentive Provision(No. 640). Minarcik, J. and Bridges, A.J., 2015. Psychology graduate students weigh in: Qualitative analysis of academic dishonesty and suggestion prevention strategies.Journal of Academic Ethics,13(2), pp.197-216. Niebuhr, R., 2013.Moral man and immoral society: A study in ethics and politics. Westminster John Knox Press. Obloj, T. and Zemsky, P., 2015. Value creation and value capture under moral hazard: Exploring the microà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ foundations of buyersupplier relationships.Strategic Management Journal,36(8), pp.1146-1163. Paley, J., 2015. Compassion and the fundamental attribution error: A reply to Rolfe Gardner.Nurse education today,35(3), pp.474-479. Rose, K.H., 2013. Framing Decisions: Decision Making That Accounts for Irrationality, People, and Constraints.Project Management Journal,44(4), pp.e4-e4. Sakwa, R., 2013. The Soviet collapse: Contradictions and neo-modernisation.Journal of Eurasian Studies,4(1), pp.65-77. Saxena, R. and Srinivasan, A., 2013. Decision Framing: Defining the Decision Need. InBusiness Analytics(pp. 19-29). Springer New York. Soukup, T.E., George, J. and Sutherland, S., Konami Gaming, Inc., 2015.System and method for awarding an incentive award. U.S. Patent 8,956,219. Teulon, F., 2014.Ethics, moral philosophy and Economics(No. 2014-288). Volokh, E., 2013. Slippery Slope Arguments.The International Encyclopedia of Ethics. Walker, D.E., Smith, K.A. and Vul, E., 2015. The Fundamental Attribution Error is rational in an uncertain world. InProceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Austin, TX.